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National Communism, refers to the various forms in which communism has been adopted and/or implemented by leaders in different countries. In each independent state, empire or dependency, the relationship between class and nation had its own particularities. The Russian Bolsheviks might be considered the first "national communists" in so far as Russian Social Democracy was so markedly different from the European Social Democratic parties. The Ukrainian communists Shakhrai and Mazlakh and then Muslin Sultan Galiev considered the interests of the Bolshevik Russian state at odds with those of their countries. This was followed after 1945 by the Yugoslav communist leader Josip Broz Tito when he attempted to pursue an independent foreign policy. Communism as Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels envisioned it was meant to be very internationalist, as proletarian internationalism was expected to place class conflict well ahead of nationalism as a priority for the working class. Nationalism was seen as a tool that the bourgeoisie used to divide and rule the proletariat (bourgeois nationalism). Whereas the influence of international communism was very strong from the late 19th century through the 1920s, the decades after that, beginning with Socialism in One Country and progressing into the Cold War and the Non-Aligned Movement, made national communism a larger political reality. ==Communist Manifesto (1848)== During the decade of the 1840s the word "communist" came into general use to describe those who hailed the left wing of the Jacobin Club of the French Revolution as their ideological forefathers.〔David Fernbach, "Introduction" to Karl Marx, ''The Revolutions of 1848.'' New York: Random House, 1973; pg. 23.〕 In 1847, the Communist League was founded in London. The League asked Karl Marx and Frederick Engels to draft the ''Communist Manifesto'', which was adopted by the league and published in 1848. The ''Communist Manifesto'' included a number of views of the role of the nation in the implementation of the manifesto. The Preamble notes that the Manifesto arose from Europeans from various nations coming together in London to publish their shared views, aims and tendencies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Manifesto of the Communist Party )〕 Then chapter one discusses how the rise of the bourgeoisie has led to globalisation and the place of national issues: :"In place of the old wants, satisfied by the production of the country, we find new wants, requiring for their satisfaction the products of distant lands and climes. In place of the old local and national seclusion and self-sufficiency, we have intercourse in every direction, universal inter-dependence of nations." :"Just as it has made the country dependent on the towns, so it has made barbarian and semi-barbarian countries dependent on the civilised ones, nations of peasants on nations of bourgeois, the East on the West.... Though not in substance, yet in form, the struggle of the proletariat with the bourgeoisie is at first a national struggle. The proletariat of each country must, of course, first of all settle matters with its own bourgeoisie." Maxime Rodinson wrote in ''Marxism and the Muslim world'''': :"Classical Marxism, for once faithful to Marx himself, postulates that a socialist state cannot be imperialist. But no proof is provided to support this thesis" According to Roman Rozdolsky: "When the Manifesto says that the workers 'have no country', this refers to the bourgeois national state, not to nationality in the ethnical sense. The workers 'have no country' because according to Marx and Engels, they must regard the bourgeois national state as a machinery for their oppression()-and after they have achieved power they will likewise have 'no country' in the political sense, inasmuch as the separate socialist national states will be only a transitional stage on the way to the classless and stateless society of the future, since the construction of such a society is possibly only on the international scale. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「National communism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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